April 15th – “The Day of Reckoning”! Every year, millions of Americans get ready
to pay taxes to Uncle Sam, or get ready to collect a tax refund from Uncle Sam;
when did this become the great day that it is for taxpayers, and when are we
actually required to file a income tax return?
Let’s take a look at the beginnings of the income tax date of April 15
and why it was chosen?
The first known income tax that Americans were legally
required to pay was enacted during the early 1860s, and the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. The Civil War was proving very costly to
finance, and the President and Congress created the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue and enacted a law requiring citizens to pay federal income tax. This could be considered the start of our
modern day income tax. This income tax
was based on principles of graduated or progressive taxation and of withholding
income at the source. The commissioner
was given authority to assess, levy and collect federal income taxes. The authority to enforce tax laws by seizure
of property and income and by prosecution.
Originally, the deadline for completing and filing your
individual income tax was not April 15th.
In the beginning, it was first set for March 1st. Then, during 1918, Congress pushed the date
out to March 15th. Then, in the great
overhaul of 1954, the date was once again moved forward to April 15th, and this
is where it remains today. Why April 15th?
The main thought from most scholars say the reasoning is that the date
gives the IRS more time to handle the work load and more time to hang on to
your money before offering a tax refund.
This date has only been set this way for a little over 50 years. That’s not very long, in historical terms,
and it could possibly be changed again.
If you are an individual taxpayer, you are required to file
either a return or an extension of time to file (Form 4868) by April 15th. Corporate and other legal entities are
required to file their federal income tax return by March 15th, and if not,
they also must file an extension of time to file. What this extension does not do, is to extend
the amount of time you have to pay any taxes due the government. So, if you are unable to ready your personal
or business financial information in a timely manner, and have no reasonable
estimate as to the amount of tax you may owe, you can expect to pay some form
of penalty.
In the years following WWII, the burden of tax
responsibility was shared fairly equally by the corporate world and the
individual taxpayer. Today, however, the
shift has been toward more responsibility on the part of the individual, and
less on the business backs. To
demonstrate how special interests have begun to overtake American politics,
during 1867, public opinion was so strong, and the outcry of the general public
so loud, that the President and Congress abolished the income tax law in 1872,
and from 1872 until 1913 almost all of the revenue for government operation
came from the sale of liquor, beer, wine, and tobacco. Although the income tax did make a small come
back in 1894, it was found
unconstitutional in 1895 by the U.S. Supreme Court because it was not
apportioned among the states in conformity with the Constitution.
An interesting time during the formation and eventual
taxation of America
occurred during 1918. Until that point in
time, the vast majority of tax revenue for government funding came from
alcoholic beverage sales and high tariffs.
In 1919, Congress passed an amendment to the Constitution that made it
illegal to manufacture or sell alcohol; what would replace the revenue? American federal income tax was the proposed
solution, and we’ve been paying since.
Although during the great years known as Prohibition, many “revenue
agents” spent their days tracking down “moon shiners” not tax evaders, the
American citizen, the individual taxpayer took on the heavy burden of
supporting government revenue, and it has become heavier with each passing
year. On a side note, although “moon
shining” was illegal, the “moon shiners” still had to pay taxes on the moon
shine so they were incarcerated for tax evasion and not “moon shining”. Taxes seem to always come into play when
looking for a way to prosecute someone.
Then, during 1942, the Revenue Act of 1942 was passed and
the “New Deal” era was begun. Since that
point in time, government control, power, and expenditures has continued to
increase at a phenomenal rate, and today the American taxpayer supports a
trillion dollar giant known as the United States government. This ravenous beast consumes more than 10% of
our earned income each year, and if the Social Security Administration has
their way, will continue to consume even more of our weekly earnings. We can foresee no other relief in sight.
Currently, all the tax regulations for this country are the
responsibility of the Internal
Revenue Service, and there are four major divisions of this government
office: the Wage and Investment, Small/Business Self-Employed,
the Large and Midsize Business and the Tax Exempt and Government Entities. Each division has responsibilities as they
pertain to their individual specialty.
There continues to be talk on the hill to change the way
taxes are calculated and collected. The
most common themes are the flat tax and the national sales tax. Until Congress actually has the courage to
step up to the plate and change it, taxes will remain as cumbersome as always.